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Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of aripiprazole (ARI), bifeprunox (BIF) and haloperidol (HAL) on the expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2A were measured in the prefrontal cortex ( A ), caudate putamen ( B ) and nucleus accumbens ( C ). The representative bands of Western blot are shown in ( D ). NR1 was quantified at 105 kDa; NR2A was quantified at 165 kDa. The data were normalised by taking the average value of the control group as 100% and expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs the control).

Article Snippet: The antibodies used to examine NMDAR were anti-NMDAR1 (1:2000, Abcam, #ab109182) and anti-NMDAR2A (1:500, Abcam, #ab124913).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation

doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02180-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: NR2A and NR2B antagonists prevented and reversed mechanical allodynia in rats with SNI. a The threshold force of SNI-induced mechanical allodynia on the ipsilateral hind paw was significantly decreased on day 7 and continued until day 14. Intrathecal treatment with the NR2A-selective antagonist NVP-AAM077 (4 nmol) and the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981 (20 nmol) once daily for 14 days prevented the development of mechanical allodynia on the hind paw ipsilateral to SNI on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14. c A single intrathecal administration of NVP-AAM077 (4 nmol) and Ro25-6981 (20 nmol) on day 14 attenuated mechanical allodynia at 30 min after the treatment, and the effect of NVP-AAM077 was maintained for 24 h. b , d NVP-AAM077 and Ro25-6981 did not change the mechanical nociceptive threshold of the contralateral hind paw in the same rat. e A single intrathecal administration of 10 nmol MK-801 on day 14 reversed SNI-induced mechanical allodynia 30 min after the treatment. NVP, NVP-AAM077; Ro25, Ro25-6981; MK, MK-801. Data are shown as the means ± SE. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 versus vehicle. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 versus before the single intrathecal treatment

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk and incubated overnight (4 °C) with anti-NR2A antibody (BOSTER, China: 1:400, rabbit polyclonal), anti-NR2B antibody (Abcam, USA: 1:1000, rabbit polyclonal) [ ] and anti-nNOS antibody (BD Biosciences, USA: 1:1000, mouse monoclonal).

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation

doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02180-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: NR2A and NR2B antagonists prevented exogenous leptin-induced mechanical allodynia. a Intrathecal leptin (50 μg) treatment in naïve rats, given once daily for 7 days, induced mechanical allodynia on day 7. Coadministration of leptin with 4 nmol NVP-AAM077 or 20 nmol Ro25-6981 attenuated the behavioral changes ( n = 5). b NVP-AAM077 and Ro25-6981 alone did not change the baseline nociceptive threshold ( n = 6). lep, leptin; NVP, NVP-AAM077; Ro25, Ro25-6981. Data are shown as the means ± SE. ** P < 0.01 versus day 0

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk and incubated overnight (4 °C) with anti-NR2A antibody (BOSTER, China: 1:400, rabbit polyclonal), anti-NR2B antibody (Abcam, USA: 1:1000, rabbit polyclonal) [ ] and anti-nNOS antibody (BD Biosciences, USA: 1:1000, mouse monoclonal).

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation

doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02180-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leptin enhancement of NR2B- but not NR2A-mediated currents in dissociated lamina II neurons in naïve rats. a Treatment with the NR2A-selective antagonist NVP-AAM077 (0.4 μM) plus the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981 (1 μM) blocked NMDAR-mediated currents ( n = 8). b Exposure to leptin (100 nM) for 5 min did not change NMDAR-mediated currents after blockade with Ro25-6981 (1 μM) ( n = 10). c Exposure to leptin (100 nM) for 5 min enhanced NMDAR-mediated currents after inhibition by 0.4 μM NVP-AAM077 ( n = 9). d Histograms showing the effect of leptin on NMDAR-mediated currents after inhibition by NVP-AAM077 or Ro25-6981. Data are shown as the means ± SE. lep, leptin; NVP, NVP-AAM077; Ro, Ro25-6981. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. vehicle; # P < 0.05 vs NVP

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk and incubated overnight (4 °C) with anti-NR2A antibody (BOSTER, China: 1:400, rabbit polyclonal), anti-NR2B antibody (Abcam, USA: 1:1000, rabbit polyclonal) [ ] and anti-nNOS antibody (BD Biosciences, USA: 1:1000, mouse monoclonal).

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation

doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02180-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leptin enhancement of NR2B, but not NR2A, expression in cultured DRG neurons. a Immunohistochemistry results showed that administration of leptin in culture medium for 72 h upregulated NR2B expression in a dose-dependent manner (2 ng/ml leptin had the maximal enhancement effect), and cotreatment with 1 μM Ro25-6981 diminished the upregulation. b Leptin at 2 ng/ml slightly enhanced NR2A expression, which was attenuated by 0.4 μM NVP-AAM077. c – f Western blot results showed that administration of leptin (2 ng/ml) to culture medium for 72 h significantly upregulated NR2B expression ( c , d ) but not NR2A expression ( e , f ) in cultured DRG neurons. The NR2B upregulation was blocked by 1 μM Ro25-6981 ( c , d ). Neither 1 μM Ro25-6981 nor 0.4 μM NVP-AAM077 alone changed the baseline expression of NR2B or NR2A. lep, leptin; NVP, NVP-AAM077; Ro, Ro25-6981. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. * P < 0.05 vs vehicle

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk and incubated overnight (4 °C) with anti-NR2A antibody (BOSTER, China: 1:400, rabbit polyclonal), anti-NR2B antibody (Abcam, USA: 1:1000, rabbit polyclonal) [ ] and anti-nNOS antibody (BD Biosciences, USA: 1:1000, mouse monoclonal).

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation

doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02180-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leptin-mediated enhancement of nNOS expression was blocked by an NR2B antagonist. Immunohistochemistry ( a ) and Western blot ( b and c ) results showed that administration of leptin (2 ng/ml) to culture medium for 72 h significantly upregulated nNOS expression in cultured DRG neurons. The upregulation of nNOS expression by leptin was significantly prevented by coapplication of the NR2B antagonist Ro25-6981 (1 μM) and slightly attenuated by the NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 (0.4 μM). Ro25-6981 (1 μM) and NVP-AAM077 (0.4 μM) alone did not change baseline nNOS expression. Lep, leptin; NVP, NVP-AAM077; Ro, Ro25-6981. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. ** P < 0.01 vs vehicle; # P < 0.05 vs leptin

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk and incubated overnight (4 °C) with anti-NR2A antibody (BOSTER, China: 1:400, rabbit polyclonal), anti-NR2B antibody (Abcam, USA: 1:1000, rabbit polyclonal) [ ] and anti-nNOS antibody (BD Biosciences, USA: 1:1000, mouse monoclonal).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, Cell Culture

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Flaxseed Oil Alleviates Trimethyltin-Induced Cell Injury and Inhibits the Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes in the Hippocampus of Female Rats

doi: 10.3390/cells13141184

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of primary antibodies.

Article Snippet: Anti- NMDA Receptor 2A (GluN2A) , Merck Millipore (Burlington, Massachusetts, USA), rabbit monoclonal , 1:1000.

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Flaxseed Oil Alleviates Trimethyltin-Induced Cell Injury and Inhibits the Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes in the Hippocampus of Female Rats

doi: 10.3390/cells13141184

Figure Lengend Snippet: FSO affects the expression of components of glutamatergic transmission 21 days post TMT intoxication. Relative protein abundances of GluN1 ( a ), GluN2A ( c ), GLT-1 ( d ), GluN2b ( e ), and PSD-95 ( f ) in the crude hippocampal membrane fractions of control (Ctrl), flaxseed oil (FSO)-treated, trimethyltin (TMT)-treated, and flaxseed oil-treated TMT-intoxicated (FSO+TMT) animals assessed by Western blot analysis. Bars represent mean protein abundance relative to β-actin ± SD, from n = 5 hippocampi per group. ( b ) Representative immunoblots of investigated proteins of Ctrl, FSO, TMT, and FSO+TMT animals. β-actin was probed to ensure equal protein loading. Significance shown inside the graphs: * p < 0.05 or less relative to Ctrl; # p < 0.05 or less relative to TMT.

Article Snippet: Anti- NMDA Receptor 2A (GluN2A) , Merck Millipore (Burlington, Massachusetts, USA), rabbit monoclonal , 1:1000.

Techniques: Expressing, Transmission Assay, Membrane, Control, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics